Tradition in modern architecture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2486 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/26 Category Architecture Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Architecture can be described as, a profession or rather a discipline that deals with designing of buildings, other respective artificial constructions, open areas and communities while regarding the aesthetic effect. It generally includes supervising building work and remodeling, selection of design and decorations. Architecture started being practiced since time immemorial in ancient states like in ancient Egypt including other numerous others. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tradition in modern architecture" essay for you Create order Architecture is believed to have been born out curiosity by man to want decent dwellings. The pioneers of architecture had diverse ideas when coming up with it. Since then, architecture has evolved gradually over the time into the complex forms of architectural styles that we have nowadays. This essay will argumentatively discuss the modern architecture and relate it to traditional practices on the basis of, if it is still a reflection of the old traditional practices or not. And explain whether one can create an idea that does not reflect anything and finally explain examples of old and modern architectural designs while considering Le Corbusier influence on architecture. The world of architecture is very quiet dynamic, this fact facilitated innovations in the area of construction, to be specific on individual buildings. At the moment you cannot compare building that was erected back in 17th 18th, for example, the ancient Roman architecture of 1st century AD. With the massive architectural designs in the 21st century a good example being the skyscrapers of America and China. The bitter truth or rather the sweeter truth is that modern architectures have forgone the ancient art of making buildings. Thats why there has been a rather constant change of house designs and other buildings. This rejection and migration from designing buildings with the reflection of traditional thematic designs can be attributed to the wake of the 20th century and at the apex of the 19th century. During this particular time, there were massive and numerous revolutions in the following fields; building materials, technology, and Engineering (Robertson, 1969). The revolutions were spearheaded by various reasons, the aspiration to break off, from traditional designs which were felt awkward, very common and the longing for a purely functional design. The revolution of materials, came in this way, first, the use of cast iron was put in place during construction. This is basically the use of fabricated iron to build structures like bridges that have been built in whole or in part. A good example of this design is the US Capitol dome like, in Washington DC. Upon invention and realization of the architectural style, it was most notably practiced in Britain. Secondly, there were also noteworthy innovations in technology which aided coming up of new architecture designs. A good example is the ability of some computer programs that auto-generated modern designs upon feeding the computer with raw data of specifications the buildings which you want to come up with. Then surprisingly the computer would process the data and unveil a new and a unique architectural design. Engineering, particularly civil and structural engineering come up with vital innovation like the invention of concrete mixer and more personalized cranes, this eventually fuelled the transition process. After that invention, it was now very easy to come up with very sophisticated architectural designs that had little similarity or no similarity at all to the old architecture. By mid-20th century many new infrastructure designs had taken a new pattern, therefore, giving the old architectural styles like beaux-arts, a bruising battle. In fact, there was no old style that could stand the influence of the newly developed modern architectural designs. Humans are known for their behavior to fancy new things and to conform more to uniqueness. This tendency has aided the transition and setting up of the modern architectural designs and hence rejecting the traditional ones, just like not majority of people can wish to be seen driving an old 404 Volkswagen car when we have the likes of Bugatti, Aston Martins etc. Thats the same feeling being in a rather old designed building when other people are enjoying the newly architecture buildings. This fact made many people embrace the modern styles while ignoring the old practices. There is this famous saying that what goes around comes around basing my argument on the saying, this conclusion can be made that people are somehow looking back and they are kind of turning back and focusing on the traditional architectural designs this has been enabled especially on the 21st century. Most people presume that most modern architectures put more efforts to bring styles that are just appealing to the eye but forget to theme the buildings accordingly. Several people feel old architectural styles were, very cozy and comparatively far away less expensive to build. On contrary, places like the USA are abandoning some of its old building and seeking refuge to the modern ones. Traditional architectural designs tend to be loved by many people in this century, this tendency, surprisingly scares some people who need to be unique and hence they advocate for the new styles. In conclusion, the best way to end this antagonist, the two architectural designs should be incorporated so as to maintain the good aspect that is associated with old buildings and have the new attractive looks that are appealing to the eye. A keen analysis of the second part, on which extent can one break with a tradition without taking a stand from fundamental principles of the discipline the natural law should be put in place in analyzing the context of this statement. It is believed that in life there exists some form of law, which governs all men and that cannot be changed, which is presumed to exist till eternity. The law summons people to the performance of their respective duties and in most case restrains you from doing what is deemed wrong. The extent by which an individual can break with a tradition without taking a stand from fundamental principles of the discipline may vary significantly, but on the long run, it will remain constant as a matter of fact the extent is well defined by time. For instance, if we base the argument on the architectural transition it is very clear that modern architectural styles took their own way back in the 19th century and achieved a lot of significance over that time, but as of now, they are going back to the foundations, the fundamental guidelines of architecture. This aspect is governed by the law of nature. Coming up with an idea deduced from the persons cognitive thinking can be right under very limited conditions. By limited conditions I mean, its almost impractical within normal human precepts. This can be deemed so because, even the great inventors who came up with the most exciting inventions, they made them after a keen observation of a certain behavior, basically an idea based on a particular behavioral change. For instance, the Wright brothers who invented the airplane had deducted the idea from seeing birds fly freely. To conclude it is not possible, to just come up with an idea out of vain. As it was said earlier ancient architecture, traces its origin from many years ago. The ancient architecture was limited to two main functions which included, consolidation of security and power, and then to please God. The following is the analysis of some traditional architecture; Egyptian architecture Great civilization in the Mediterranean region first occurred in Egypt. Their architecture was referred to, Egyptian architecture and was inspired by their way of preserving the dead. This lead to coming up with pyramid-like structures where royal family members were buried upon death. For example, there was one great architect, the pyramid of Khufu which is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the World. They later constructed many palaces at around 1530 BCE. The building was painted with hieroglyphics and other symbolic animals. (Robertson, 1969) Sumerian architecture At around (c.3200-323 BCE), Sumerian civilization was putting efforts together to come up with their own style of architecture which they later referred to as, the ziggurat. The ziggurat resembled the pyramid style of Egypt but theirs were not meant for tombs. The main aim of the ziggurat was to bring the people together and take them closer to godliness. This was at around (c.1500-612 BCE) Minoan Architecture Another group of early individuals whore practiced architecture were the Minoans, which was the first European art of classical Antiquity to be created based on island Crete. They used a mixture of stone bricks and mad to build sumptuous palaces including doomed chambers for burial purposes. The Minoans decorated their buildings with fresco paintings and murals. Their architecture was later destroyed by an earthquake. (Hitchcock, 2000) Greek Architecture. The Greeks were one of the best architectures, their architecture is therefore divided into three basic eras; Hellenistic period, classical and archaic period. The onset of architecture commenced at around 600 BCE after being inspired by Egyptians. They came up the following, buildings, temples, theaters, sports stadiums, and municipal structures. Their architectural method was the Greek architecture. This was simply, normal post lintel constructing techniques. The Greeks built houses with a typical rectangular base like. The buildings were famously decked with a huge of Greek sculpture. The Greek architectures had some notable principles that enhanced their architecture, first, they had specific orders that included Corinthian, Ionic, and, Doric. Doric was mainly practiced at Greeces mainland. Ionic was applied in Ionia particularly the coastal region of turkey. Corinthian came later, it represented an improvement of Ionia. The notable difference between the styles was only the base ratio height. Roman Architecture. Romans had a hint of engineering, military matters, and construction. They usually borrowed some of the art of architecture from other states including Greeks whom they felt they were their superiors. (Anderson, 1997) The need for architecture was to impress and cater for the rapidly growing population. Romans succeeded in coming up with very consistent drainage systems. Eventually, they ended up building a variety of buildings including roads. Several other states also had their styles of architecture, like the Romans, Byzantine, and Gothic among others. After the ancient architecture, there come Renaissance-style architecture at around 1400-1620. The occurrence was facilitated by the commercial prosperity that the states had gained. During this duration there broke out continuous building. For instance, the Catholic was almost bankrupted by popes who were who were funding fine buildings. According to (Watkin, 2005) several schools of thoughts have led to establishment of various types of modern architecture which include; Guggenheim Museum. This was the work of a Frank Lloyd Wright who adhered to a philosophy of organic architecture. He tried to work in harmony with humanity and the environment. Lloyd designed several other structures like the falling water Residence. The Chicago marina apartments They were designed by Bertrand Goldberg back in 1959. The buildings have got a completely modern look, they are incorporated into modern facilities which have no reflection on traditional architectural designs. The Geisel library in California It was built in 1968 and was built for two years, is a good representation of modern architecture. The architectural design was William Pereiras work which consists of multiple cantilevering levels that protrude and glistens with their smooth teeth like the wall sized windows. The Seagram building in New York. This building was a pure representation of modern architecture. Its functionality, simplicity, and outlook portrayed modernism. Modern architecture is manifested in so many types, styles, and themes which ranges from skyscraping boxes of New York to the deemed futuristic saucer shapes of L.A including the settle. (Watkin, 2005) A keen look at Le Corbusier architectural works, we find very many aspects which he incorporated from the traditional architecture to come up with exciting architectural styles. Initially, he made some pivotal architectural discoveries which have influenced the modern architecture in various ways (Le, Goodman, 2007). Le Corbusier observed the importance of the geometric forms and the use of landscapes as an architectural tool. This logic has inspired so many modern designs of architecture, for instance falling water residence by Frank Lloyd borrowed this aspect very much, whereby the background landscape gives the architecture design a good view. Le Corbusier also made some observation in on the difference between large collective spaces and classified spaces. This remark formed the basis for designing most inhabited houses up to date. Finally, he deduced the classical proportion via Renaissance architecture. This has had vast influential effects. He envisioned the concept of prefabricated houses, a good example is the Maison Citron which showed characteristics by which architects would later refer to a modern architect. In the 1930s, he reformulated his urbanism theories, where he adopted building of houses with respect to the family size. This is influential in such that, it economizes on the floor size. Modern architects have borrowed on this aspect very much. (Le, Cohen, Goodman, 2007) In conclusion, architecture is a vital aspect that affects and influences the way of life of all humanity. Since it has been in place since time immemorial its application should be based on clearly defined ideals. there should be intensive research on the old architectural design which should enable harmonized incorporation of desirable aspects from the old designs with the presumed good aspects of the modern architectural designs, so as to come up with a distinct architectural design that is neither ancient nor modern but one with desirable aspects all through, and that can be loved by everyone. References Anderson, J. C. (1997). Roman architecture and society. Johns Hopkins University Press. Barletta, B. A. (1990). An Ionian Sea Style in Archaic Doric Architecture. American Journal of Archaeology, 45-72. Benevolo, L. (1977). History of modern architecture (Vol. 2). Mit Press. De Vattel, E., Chitty, J. (1835). The law of nations: or, Principles of the law of nature, applied to the conduct and affairs of nations and sovereigns. PH Nicklin T. Johnson. Frampton, K., Futagawa, Y. (1983). Modern architecture. ADA Edita. Harvey, D. (1989). Postmodernity (pp. 201-39). London: Basil Blackwell Publishing. Hitchcock, L. A. (2000). Minoan architecture. Hofmeyr, S. A., Forrest, S. (2006). Architecture for an artificial immune system. Architecture, 8(4). Janoukovec, J., Liu, S. L., Martone, P. T., Carr? ©, W., Leblanc, C., Coll? ©n, J., Keeling, P. J. (2013). Evolution of red algal plastid genomes: ancient architectures, introns, horizontal gene transfer, and taxonomic utility of p lastid markers. PLoS One, 8(3), e59001. Kumar, S., Jantsch, A., Soininen, J. P., Forsell, M., Millberg, M., Oberg, J., Hemani, A. (2002). A network on chip architecture and design methodology. In VLSI, 2002. Proceedings. IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on(pp. 117-124). IEEE. Le, C., Cohen, J.-L., Goodman, J. (2007). Toward an architecture. Los Angeles, Calif: Getty Research Institute. Robertson, D. S. (1969). Greek and Roman architecture. Cambridge University Press. Shaw, J. W., Universit? di Catania. Centro di archeologia cretese. (2009). Minoan architecture: materials and techniques. Bottega dErasmo. Smith, W. S., Simpson, W. K. (1998). The art and architecture of ancient Egypt (Vol. 14). Yale University Press. Watkin, D. (2005). A history of western architecture. Laurence King Publishing.

The Importance Of Breaking Negative Habits And Building...

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Explore how Carol Churchill presents woman in the role of mother in “Top Girls” Free Essays

In the first act, Churchill has created a surreal environment for all of the women. We find, during the course of the meal, that all of the women have things in common. Each of the women had children apart from Isabella. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore how Carol Churchill presents woman in the role of mother in â€Å"Top Girls† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lady Nijo and Griselda however, had to live without knowing their children because of their husbands, in both cases the husbands removed the children. Dull Gret is slightly different, she experienced living with her children and bringing them up, however her oldest and youngest were killed during war. Pope Joan does not know what happened to her baby, as she was stoned to death as soon as she gave birth, she assumes they killed it. Marlene, the leader of the women had a completely different story to tell, however she does not talk of it during Act One. Marlene became pregnant at 17 and let her sister, Joyce adopt the baby because at the time Joyce could not become pregnant. Marlene has since, had two abortions. Griselda, Lady Nijo and Marlene are all similar in the fact that they all had to sacrifice their children for a particular reason. Griselda sacrificed her children to make the man she loved happy. Griselda does not arrive to the meal until quite late, the other women are all drunk and merry and Griselda appears un noticed. She appears polite but shy and does not want to make a fuss but eventually gives into a pudding, â€Å"Oh if everyone is. I don’t mind. † Marlene automatically puts her in the spot light by introducing her as having the â€Å"fairy-story† life. All of the women become interested in Griselda’s story and begin questioning it. Griselda, whilst talking appears still faithful to the Marquis, â€Å"But of course a wife must obey her husband. And of course I must obey the Marquis. Throughout the story of Griselda’s life, Marlene acts as if she is almost showing off that she already knows the story, â€Å"Oh, you wait. † This shows that Marlene feels a need to be included and in control at all times. Unlike Lady Nijo, Griselda spent six weeks with her first born, a girl, Nijo finds this hard to believe, â€Å"Much better t o do it straight away. † Only Nijo truly understands Griselda’s life and she has been put in the same position, Marlene finds it an outrage that she let the Walter take her baby, â€Å"Walter was bonkers† and obviously, it will be hard for Gret to accept as she brought up her own children, â€Å"Bastard†. Even when everybody else is being un fair and negative about Walter, Griselda remains with her upbeat attitude, whilst still shy she shows her feelings. Griselda takes up much of the conversation when she arrives, and when this conversation has ended she doesn’t talk much more. Throughout Act One and throughout Griselda’s life story Lady Nijo listens, and doesn’t talk an awful lot about her background and history. She talks about her past in and amongst everyone else’s conversation, although they listen to her, they do not pay as much attention to her as they do to Griselda. Lady Nijo does not appear as hurt and as faithful to her children as Griselda did to hers, this is probably because Griselda spent a short time with her children and Nijo did not. Lady Nijo’s first baby was Akenbono’s, a girl and he received it and brought it up with his wife. Her second, was to an unknown and the third and fourth children were Ariake the priests. Nijo never saw her third child after it was born and admits feeling nothing at all for her third son, her fourth child. I think that this is because Ariake had died before the birth and she was still grieving him, â€Å"I didn’t want to see anyone. In Act Two Scene Two we are introduced to Marlene, a character brought in from Act One, Joyce, Marlene’s sister, Angie, Joyce’s daughter and Marlene’s niece and Kit, Angie’s friend. The following scene concentrates mainly on Marlene’s niece, Angie and her younger friend, Kit. We begin to realise that Angie maybe slightly â€Å"simple† and troubled as she talks to Kit about controlling objects with her mind and things falling from the walls in her house, â€Å"Last night I was in bed and suddenly a picture fell down off the wall. The pair continually ignore Angie’s mother, Joyce, shouting them from the house. This shows disrespect of the children to their mother. The childlike attitude of the children continues throughout the play, they continue to ignore the mother shouting and continue bantering as children would, â€Å"I don’t want her to like me. † This eventually progresses into Angie suggesting that Joyce is not her biological mother, and Marlene, her aunt, is. â€Å"I think I’m my aunts child. I think my mother’s really my aunt. For a girl of Angie’s mentality to suggest something as complex as this must suggest that her and Joyce do not have a loving, sharing relationship, however, Angie’s only explanation for this suggestion is â€Å"my mother hates her. † We learn further on in Scene Two that Joyce does not think very highly of Angie â€Å"I don’t know who’d have her, mind. † This seems stranger for a mother to say to another child about her own daughter. This is possibly where Churchill is trying to insinuate that, at heart, Joyce does not care for her child as much as a normal mother would. Showing cracks in the couples, mother daughter relationship. Another loss of respect between Joyce and Angie is shown when Joyce calls her a â€Å"Fucking rotten little cunt. † And states â€Å"You can stay there and die†, this either shows that Joyce is now sick of Angie not listening to her or if she just does not have enough respect for her. Act Three actually happens a year before Act Two happens. Therefore the old dress that Angie puts on in Act Two, is the dress that Marlene gives her as a present in Act Three. Marlene and Joyce seem to have an awkward relationship, they are constantly bickering when Marlene first arrives, â€Å"I don’t mind seeing you. â€Å"Great, I feel really welcome. † The pair wait until Angie has gone to bed before talking about her and her life, Angie refuses to go to sleep fore quite a while because her aunty is there, but eventually she gives in. Joyce then begins to talk about Angie, â€Å"I don’t know how you could leave your own child. â€Å", Marlene does not react badl y to this vicious statement, she simply replies, â€Å"You were quick enough to take her. † I feel that this shows that Marlene does not know how much Joyce has done for her. She obviously does not appreciate that Joyce has brought Angie up the best that she could so that Marlene could move away and concentrate on her career. Joyce begins to take ownership of Angie as the argument continues, showing that she has a bond with her child, motherly love. â€Å"Course I do, she’s my child. † Instead of moving away and getting a job and making money, Joyce took Marlene’s baby and gave it a life. The relationship between Marlene and Joyce begins to break up as the two begin to blame each other for the mistakes they have made in life, â€Å"I did get pregnant and I lost it because I was so tired looking after your fucking baby. The Act ends with Joyce and Marlene apologising and Joyce going to bed, leaving Marlene alone to have another drink. Angie then wakes up calling for her mother and walks downstairs, when Angie realises that its Marlene sat there and Joyce has gone to bed she only mutters two words, â€Å"frightening† â€Å"frig htening†. This symbolises Angie’s weirdness and simple mindedness. Is she speaking about the conversation between Joyce and Marlene or is she speaking about the fact that she thought Marlene was her mother ? How to cite Explore how Carol Churchill presents woman in the role of mother in â€Å"Top Girls†, Papers

Cloning Is Wrong Essay Research Paper Cloning free essay sample

Cloning Is Incorrect Essay, Research Paper Cloning is Incorrect Cloning should neer be done to worlds or any other of Gods creative activities. The cyberspace has many illustrations of why cloning should non be done. even the encyclopaedia has articles against cloning. Cloning is a menace to the human race, immoral, and we should neer let it to take topographic point. First lets speak about Recombiant DNA. The Webster s World Dictionary gave this definition for Recombiant Deoxyribonucleic acid: Deoxyribonucleic acid formed in the research lab by splicing together pieces of Deoxyribonucleic acid from different species, as to make new life signifiers. This is incorrect why would anyone desire to make a new life signifier? The effects could be really unsafe the life on the Earth. The writer on recombiant DNA says: Public reaction to the usage of recombiant Deoxyribonucleic acid in the familial technology has been mixed. The production of medical specialties through the usage of genetically altered being has by and large been welcomed. We will write a custom essay sample on Cloning Is Wrong Essay Research Paper Cloning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, critics of the recombiant DNA experiments might develop highly infective signifiers that could do universe broad epidemic. In an attempt to forestall such an happening the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) has established ordinances curtailing the types of recombiant Deoxyribonucleic acid experiments that can be preformed utilizing such pathogens. If the cloning and combing of disease-caused beings were done, it could do highly big sums of unwellness and decease. Why would anyone desire to bring down that upon the life animals of our Earth? The human race is in no demand of new diseases that we haven t got a remedy for. What could go on to the human race if adult male was cloned? Aaron Hawley, a high school pupil who has researched cloning, put some of Thursday vitamin E information on a web site. Aaron says, The largest job with the usage of cloning on a big graduated table would be the diminution of familial diverseness ( www.vub.org/apvio/clone/wrong/htm ) . If we do clone worlds on a big graduated table, every ringer would be made from the same familial stuff. If we somehow lost our ability to clone ourselves, we would hold to turn back to out normal manner of reproduction. There is another gimmick, since we all would be engendering usually, which is all right and good until you realize, we would be inbreeding since we all come from the same familial stuff. Inbreeding would do disease and many birth defects. Because of the disease and birth defects the human race could finally come to an terminal. Just believe how the ringers would experience. Some of the research on cloning suggests that human ringers would hold a broad array of emotional disfunction and societal restrictions. Merely believe how we would experience if we knew how long our lives would be or what diseases we were traveling to acquire. We would pass our whole lives populating in fright of illness and decease. This would do major emotional jobs. In add-on, ringers could easy go castawaies because so many people are against cloning. Some people would merely experience to weird speaking to person who looked merely like person else. And how would if experience to be their male parents duplicate? That would be merely incorrect. Do we still want to run out and ringer? These few illustrations here are merely a little sum of information against cloning. There are people who have devoted most of their web sites on the grounds why cloning is a bad thought. The illustrations were merely on: the effects of doing a new species, possible result of human race. That s non deserving taking a opportunity on cloning.

Applying Marxist Literary Criticism to Of Mice and Men Essay Example

Applying Marxist Literary Criticism to Of Mice and Men Essay Example Applying Marxist Literary Criticism to Of Mice and Men Paper Applying Marxist Literary Criticism to Of Mice and Men Paper Steinbeck’s ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a microcosm of reality for the working classes during the great economic depression in the U. S. A. Through the use of generic characters which represent the different echelons that existed at the bottom of society during a period of economic instability – Steinbeck’s novel resists dominant ideologies at the time of publication as the bleak portrayal of the lives of itinerant workers could be interpreted as a statement against capitalism. Karl Marx saw political devices such as ‘The American Dream’ as oppressing the proletariat by giving them false hope. This idea of a false consciousness is evident throughout the novel as Steinbeck uses the recurring theme of dreams in ‘Of Mice and Men’ to illustrate the unsatisfying nature of the lives that the ranch members lived. The fact that all the characters have idealistic dreams of a better life highlights their dissatisfaction with their current predicament. Although the use of dreams such as George’s utopia of an easy and simple existence on a farm could be interpreted as positive because they give the characters hope, the reality which Steinbeck makes clear at the end of the novel is that these dreams are unrealistic and the majority of people in society do not fulfil their ambitions. ‘Someday – we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs’ is repeated many times in the novel to highlight how dreams are used to prevent the proletariat from rising against their oppressors as they are manipulated by the promise of a life that is in reality unobtainable for the vast majority. Thus, resisting the dominant ideology that ‘everybody has an opportunity to be successful’. As the two central characters in the novel, George and Lennie epitomise the average itinerant worker in the sense that they are unskilled workers attempting to survive in a harsh economic climate. Itinerant workers are generally considered as being at the base of an economy, so by illustrating their plight Steinbeck is in fact devaluing the superstructure as the novel highlights the tough living conditions they are subjected to in order increment the wealth of the bourgeoisie. Steinbeck uses George’s perspective to further illustrate his perceived mistreatment of lower economic groups in society. ‘Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place†¦ They ain’t got nothing to look ahead to’ is the overpowering message at the end of the novel as all of the characters are subjected to hardship, tragedy and loneliness yet none are presented as facing a better outlook. This theme of loneliness and isolation also supports the Marxist theory of ‘The forces of production’. Whilst most of the characters in the novel are working at an unforgiving labour intensive job they are still at the bottom of the economic hierarchy. Steinbeck constantly reiterates the loneliness of the characters’ lives in order to highlight that although they are a major force of production there is an absence of enjoyment in the lives of the itinerant workers as they are not properly rewarded for their contributions to the economy. Coupled with the temporary nature of their employment, the workers are shown to be dislocated from reality and other people, living lonely existences and spending what little they earn on perverse pleasures such as gambling and prostitutes. This desire for false gratification could be a symbol for the lack of substance in the workers lives, or in other words Steinbeck’s perceived alienation of ranch workers. Karl Marx believed that workers in capitalist states such as the U. S. A where ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set are psychologically estranged from their work as they do not see the fruits of their work, instead they merely repeat one step of a cycle and are paid a fixed wage which is not relative to the profit the product they create gains. This theory is adopted by Steinbeck as the itinerant nature of the ranch workers job is shown to cause a separation from nature, leaving the workers disillusioned. The workers are given one task to fulfil, for example hauling the crop, and then they repeat this step over and over again until they move to another ranch – never seeing the result of their hard work. This industrialisation of the workers is depicted as having a detrimental effect on the workers psychology by Steinbeck and being the causation for their unhappiness. George and Lennie’s dream to ‘live of the fatta the land’ also forces itself into the fervent desires of Candy and Crooks which supports Marx’s belief that humans yearn for a relationship with nature. In this light, George is shown to resist bourgeoisie values which would stipulate that the industrialisation of workers is necessary for a healthy society which would be based on the assumption that profit is the most important motive – not the mental well-being of the workers. Curley’s wife could be seen as a symbol for those crushed by dominant ideologies and bourgeoisie values. Curley’s wife is portrayed as a vain and attention seeking character in life yet after her tragic death she is also a source of sympathy as Steinbeck shows her in a different light. ‘She was pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young’ contrasts with the flirtatious, provocative and callous woman who endangered Lennie and cruelly threatened to have Crook’s hanged. Steinbeck is implying that the flaws in her character were created and compounded by the system she was born into. The fact that she is not named in the novel is an overt statement of how undervalued she is in society and this contrasts with the dominant ideology at time which is that everybody has equal opportunities to become ‘successful’. Instead of attempting to make the best of life within her means, she dreamed of the ‘high life’ advertised by purveyors of bourgeoisie values in order to preserve a capitalistic state. This meant she accepted the harsh reality of her predicament in the belief she would soon escape it.

Media Impact essays

Media Impact essays The Spin Doctors: Examining the Media The amount of media exposure we have been subjected to since birth is astounding. The media affects our daily life even when we arent aware of it. As a teenager, I utilize many types of media. Moreover, I do not realize that there are at least six major companies that own almost everything we see, hear and read. The media is driven by profit and power, not the pursuit of factual news. The idea of these conglomerates to make one big corporation is bizarre. I believe they look at people and only care about money. All they want is to compete with each other with the most power. The companies concentrate on what people like but they really do not care. The audience is drawn to personal celebrity life, trendy outfits and bizarre ceremonies. I argue that these companies cannot come together because soon it will be one company who owns everything and there will not be any competition to outshine the media. I will assert the scope and nature of the mass media I use, the consumption of ce rtain mediated texts vs. others, the ownership of my man media outlets and how it has affected and influenced my life. At 18, I am attentive of at least 7-8 hours a day of media contact. On vacation, media contact is limited because individuals have better things to do; sightsee, swim in the ocean and of course shop. Shopping plays a big part of media keeping one modernized with stylish fashion during everyones vacation. I use media to relax, to waste time, to know what is happening around the world, window-shopping for clothes and for pleasure. I like to listen to a movie I have seen a million times while I work. One of many movies I listen to is Waynes World. While typing this paper, I am listening to music and doing my laundry. A few radio stations I listen to are 106.7 KBPI, KISS 95.7, KOSI 101.1. The E! Entertainment channel is one of my all time favorites. I enjoy watching the news and true ...

Summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary paper - Essay Example The article further explains the way of life in the Akan society beginning with the process of creating a village, which then grows into a town. An Akan village has a head while a town in Akan has a stool of power and a chief as the center of the power. The article entitled The Akan people by Adu-Amankwah provides basic information about the Akan people. The article explains that the live in central Ghana and speak the Akan language which is a collection of various dialects. The dialects they speak influence their identity since the people are often categorized in such groups. Among the existing groups based on the variety of dialects, include Wassa, Asante, Fante, Bono, Akyem, Kwahu and Akuapem. The author of the article cites several historians as he provides a detailed of the Akan people. He explains that the lived in independent kingdoms founded by refugees from Kumbu, a kingdom that consisted of twenty-seven states and was destroyed by Songhay in 1470. The economic activities of the Akan people include hunting, farming and fishing. The article, Akan kinship terms, provides a detailed analysis of kinship in the Akan society. In doing this, the article explains that the Akan people believe in extended family system. The system is material in nature. With such an exciting yet informative introduction, the article proceeds to provide translations of some basic kinship names to English despite admitting that most of such names have no direct equivalent in English. Such terms include papa for father but the term Agya may refer to father too. Maame is for mother while Eno /Awo is an equivalent for affection though not directly transplanted as such. Nua is for sibling, kunu refers to a husband and yere for wife. A child is a significant individual in a society and the Akan refer to a child as ba. Greetings on the other hand is an article that discuses the type of greetings in the Akan society. The article begins by acknowledging that greeting is a personal

Week 4 response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 4 response papers - Essay Example The disadvantage with such an approach is that businesses relax their CSR actions when they are not economically rewarding. This means that organisations no longer derive their motivation for CSR mainly from their negative environmental effects and need to protect the environment, but the need to have a good image and make profit. The avoidance of CSR may not be detrimental to the organisation but its effect cannot be ignored in a society where customers are becoming more cautious about environmental issues. Over the recent years, CSR has afforded organisations some social power and ignoring this because of economic or other reasons is bound lead to a gradual reduction of social power. Davis’s statement therefore holds some truth. As mentioned, businesses know the effects of their actions on the environment. In this case, they have an obligation to focus on environmental change whether voters and politicians are not pushing agendas that focus on environmental change. In opposition to Hussein’s (1999) statement that adopting such a position can be harmful to the organisation, CSR has turned into one of the biggest source of competitive advantage for businesses. Multinationals have also tapped into it as a risk management model. In addition, many governments respond positively to such actions by recognising and rewarding organisations which undertake good CSR activities in efforts to protect the environment. This has increased awareness of such organisations, their products and consequently, they have experienced a positive return on their sales (Bhattacharya et al, 2011). Customer/voter purchases are now influenced by CSR to the benefit of organisations that have good CSR reputations. Since the 1950s, many organisations have formulated their own CSR policies. However, if the decision to become responsible was totally left at their disposal, many would choose not to because CSR activities

Burberry clothing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Burberry clothing - Research Proposal Example One of the companies that is fast establishing itself as a force in the market is Burberry Clothing Co. which is one of the most iconic British fashion firm. The company has been in existence for more than 5 decades, making its name as one of the most proffered clothing and general fashion company. With the advent of technology, the company has managed to create online shops from where it sells its products and reaches a number of its clients located in different parts of the world. This paper presents a marketing plan that can be used by the company in reaching its new target markets and expanding its market share. Burberry Clothing, in its new approach to the targeted markets is supposed to ensure that it makes a proper description and analysis of its markets as it rolls out its products. For instance, the company often makes clothes that fit the different people that it serves; it has clothes for men, women, children and even the old people. This is a important attribute considering that clothes and fashion are products that can be consumed by all groups of people in the market. Perhaps what the company needs to realise is the different composition of these targeted populations in terms of their demographic factors. In terms of their geography, the company will have to put in place excellent mechanisms that will enable it bridge the aspects of place utility (Greenwood 76). In this regard, the company needs to establish distribution centers in strategic places that it will find effective to enable it reach its products to those markets as soon as they are needed. The company needs to have an understanding of its clients’ needs and demands so that it can meet them effectively, for instance, some people have different purchasing behaviors that are identified from their purchase preferences. Having this understanding will enable the company to reach and consolidate its markets in the best way that will give

History of Leukemia Treatment

History of Leukemia Treatment Four months later, a young German professor at the University of Wurzburg named Rudolf Virchow published a similar case. The patients blood was overgrown with white blood cells, forming dense and pulpy pools in her spleen. At autopsy, Virchow found layers of white blood floating above the red. He called the disease weisses Blut white blood. In 1847, he changed the name to leukemia from leukos, the Greek word for white. Virchow was a pathologist in training. He believed that all living things were made of cells, which were the basic units of life. And that cells could grow in only two ways: either by increasing the number of cells, or by increasing its size. He called these two modes hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Looking at cancerous growths through his microscope, Virchow concluded that cancer was hyperplasia in its extreme form. By the time Virchow died in 1902, a new theory of cancer had slowly come together out of these observations. Cancer an aberrant, uncontrolled cell division creating tumors that would attack and destroy organs and normal tissues. These tumors could also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body such as lungs and brains. Leukemia is a malignant overgrown of white cells in the blood. It comes in several forms. It could be chronic and indolent. Or it could be acute and violent. The second version comes in further subtypes, based on the type of white blood cells involved. Cancers of the myeloid cells are called Acute myeloid leukemias (AML); cancer of immature lymphoid cells are called Acute lymphoblastic leukemias; and cancers of the more mature lymphoid cells are called lymphomas. ALL is the most common leukemia found in children. Sidney Faber, the third of fourteen children, was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1903. His father, Simon Farber, had immigrated to America from Poland in the late 19th century and worked in an insurance agency. Having completed his advanced training in pathology in the late 1920s, Farber became the first full-time pathologist at the Childrens Hospital in Boston. His specialty was pediatric pathology, the study of childrens diseases. Yet Farber was driven by the hunger to treat patients. Sitting in his basement laboratory one day in the summer of 1947, he was inspired to focus his attention to the oldest and most hopeless variants of leukemia childhood leukemia. The disease had been analyzed, classified, and subdivided meticulously, but with no therapeutic or practical advances. The package from New York was waiting in the laboratory that December morning. As he pulled out the glass vials of chemicals from the package, he was throwing open a new way of thinking about cancer. An insatiable monster Sydney Farbers package of chemicals arrived at a pivotal moment in the history of medicine. In the late 1940s, new miracle drugs appeared at an astonishing rate. But cancer had refused to fall into step in the victories of postwar medicine. It remained a black box. To cure a cancer, doctors had only two options: cutting it out with surgery, or incinerating it with radiation. Proposals to launch a national response against cancer had ebbed and flowed in America since the early 1900s. By 1937, cancer had magnified in the public eye. In June, a joint Senate-House conference was held to draft legislation to address the issue. On August 5, President Roosevelt signed the National Cancer Institute Act, creating a new entity called the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to coordinate cancer education and research. But World War II had shifted the nations priority from cancer research to the war. The promised funds from Congress never materialized, and the NCI languished in neglect. The social outcry about cancer also drifted into silence. If a cure for leukemia was to be found, Farber reasoned, it would be found within hematology the study of normal blood. In 1928, a young English physician named Lucy Wills discovered that folic acid, a vitamin-like substance found in fruits and vegetables, could restore the normal genesis of blood in nutrient-deprived patients. Farber wondered whether folic acid could restore the normalcy of blood in children with leukemia. As he injected synthetic folic acid into a cohort of leukemia children, Farber found that folic acid actually accelerated the growth of leukemia rather than stopping it. He stopped the experiment in a hurry. Farber was intrigued by the response of the leukemia cells to folic acid. intrigued. What if he could find a drug to cut off the supply of folic acid to the cells an antifolate? Farbers supply of folic acid had come from the laboratory of an old friend a chemist called Yellapragada Subbarao or Yella. Yella was a physician turned cellular physiologist. Having finished his medical training in India, Yella could not practice medicine in America because he had no license. He started as a night porter at a hospital, switched to a day job as a biochemist, and joined Lederle Lab in 1940. Enzymes and receptors in cells work by recognizing molecules using their chemical structure. With a slight alteration of the recipe, Yello could create variants of folic acid, and some of the variants could behave like antagonists to folic acid. He sent the first package of antifolates to Farbers lab in the late summer of 1947. On August 16, 1947, in the town of Dorchester in New England, Robert Sandler, a two-year-old boy was brought to Childrens Hospital in Boston. He had been ill with a wax and wane fever for over two weeks, and the condition had worsened. His spleen wasÂÂ   enlarged, and his blood sample had thousands of immature lymphoid leukemic blasts. His twin brother, Elliot, was in perfect health. Farber had received the first package of antifolates from Yella a few weeks before Sandlers arrival. On September 6, 1947, Farber injected Sandler with pteroylaspartic acid or PAA, the first of Yellas antifolates. PAA had little effect. On December 28, Farber received a new version of antifolate aminopterin. Farber injected the boy with it. The response was remarkable. The white cell count stopped its astronomical ascend, hovered at a plateau, and then dropped. And the leukemic blasts gradually flickered out in the blood and then disappeared. By New Years Eve, the count had dropped to one-sixth of its peak value, bottoming out at a near normal level. The cancer hadnt vanished, but it had temporarily abated. Sandlers remission was unprecedented in the history of leukemia. Farber started treating the slow train of children with childhood leukemia arriving at his clinic. An incredible pattern emerged: antifolates could destroy leukemia cells and make them disappear for a while. But the cancer would relapse after a few months of remission, refusing to respond to even the most potent of Yellas drugs. Robert Sandler died in 1948. In June 1948, Farber published his study in the New England Journal of Medicine. The paper was received with skepticism, disbelief and outrage. The obliteration of an aggressive cancer using a chemical drug was unprecedented in the history of cancer. Dyeing and Dying A systemic disease demands a systemic cure. Could a drug kill existing cancer cells without hurting normal cell tissues? The chemical world is full of poisons. The challenge is to find a selective poison that will eradicate cancer cells without killing the patient. In 1856, an 18-year-old student in London named William Perkin stumbled into an inexpensive chemical dye that could be made from scratch. Perkin called it aniline mauve. His discovery was a godsend for the textile industry because aniline mauve is easier to produce and store than vegetable dyes. Perkin also discovered that its parent compound could act as a building block for other dyes to produce derivatives with a vast spectrum of vivid colors. In the mid-1860s, Perkin flooded the textile factories of Europe with a suite of new synthetic dyes in various color. The German chemist rushed to synthesize their own dyes to muscle their way into the textile industry in Europe. They synthesized not only dyes and solvents, but an entire universe of new molecules such as phenols, bromides, alcohols, and amides, chemicals never encountered in nature. In 1878, a 24-year-old medical student named Paul Ehrlich did an experiment usingÂÂ   chemical dyes to stain animal tissues. He discovered the dyes seemed to be able to differentiate among chemicals hidden inside the cells, staining some and sparing others. In 1882, working with Robert Koch, Ehrlich discovered another new chemical stain that could pick up one class of germs from a mixture of microbes. In the late 1880s, Ehrlich found that certain toxins when injected in animals could produce antitoxins,ÂÂ   which could be used to neutralize the toxin with extraordinary specificity. If biology was a mix-and-match game of chemicals, Ehrlich thought, what if some chemical could differentiate bacterial cells from animal cells so that it could kill the bacteria cells without hurting the animal? So he began with a hunt for anti-microbial chemicals. After testing hundreds of chemicals, he found a dye derivative that can act as an antibiotic drug for mice and rabbits infected with Trypanosoma gondii (a parasite). He called the chemical Trypan Red, after the color of the dye. And in 1910, his laboratory discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan), the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis. His success on Trypan Red and Salvarsan proved that chemicals could be found to cure diseases with specificity. He called these chemicals magic bullets for their capacity to kill with specificity. Between 1904 and 1908, he attempted to find an anticancer drug using his vast arsenal of chemicals. None of them worked. What was poison to cancer cells, he found, was also poison to normal cells because cancer cells and normal cells were so similar that made it almost impossible to differentiate. Ehrlich died in 1915 at age 61. In 1917, two years after his death, Germany used a chemical weapon at the battle of Ypres in Belgium, in the form of chlorine gas. The gas killed two thousand soldiers that night. In 1919, pathologist found the survivors bone marrows were all depleted, with the blood-forming cells all dried up.

Holocaust :: essays research papers

Tarek El Zein Holocaust Jesus or Hitler? Anti-Semitism was widespread in Europe at the time Hitler came to power. Much of this anti-Semitism was rooted, first, in religious beliefs that arose more than 1500 years before Hitler came to power, and second, on political beliefs, often cynically exploited for political gain. Though it was not accepted by everyone, this existing anti-Semitism was common and provided a receptive audience for Hitler's anti-Semitic claims. Hitler did not just exploit the existing anti-Semitism in Germany; he changed it and built on it until it became an all-consuming obsession both for himself and for the rest of the National Socialist leadership. The most significant difference between traditional anti-Semitism and the philosophy of the Nazis was that the basis for the anti-Semitism was distorted and changed. Previous anti-Semitism had been based upon religious convictions - primarily on the questionable fact that Jews were responsible for the execution of Jesus - and political attacks to exclude Jews from the rest of society. Although he exploited this religious anti-Semitism, Hitler and the other Nazi leaders, who were opposed to traditional religions, found another basis for their hatred of the Jews. They relied on the theories of "eugenics" and "social Darwinism" which were then common in Europe and transformed them into "race science." They also used the political expression of anti-Semitism coupled with the myth of the Aryans. This myth had developed in Europe the last part of the 19th century. According to Hitler's philosophy the Germanic peoples called "Aryans," were superior to all other races and had the right to rule over them. Hitler and the other Nazis claimed that other races, such as the Slavs and the Poles, were inferior species fit only to serve Aryan man. The Jews were even lower than the Slavs. Hitler believed that "Aryans" were the builders of civilization while Jews were parasites fit only for extermination. This racism had a polit ical agenda as well. Hitler blamed the Jews for the loss of World War I, which he called "the stab in the back" and made the focus of his political campaigns. The combination of religious anti-Semitism and political anti-Semitism with patriotism led many German people to accept Hitler's message. One of the stumbling blocks to even wider acceptance of the Nazis' racism was the assimilation of Jews into German life. Unlike the Jews of Eastern Europe, German Jews considered themselves no different from other Germans, but in religion.